Loading and unloading shall be provided according to the following schedule:
Loading and unloading areas shall be permitted only in the rear yard except for properties in the industrial zone where loading and unloading shall be permitted in the side or rear yards.
The purpose of this Chapter is to regulate outdoor lighting in a manner which encourages the conservation of energy, improves or maintains the nighttime visual environment, prevents and/or eliminates misdirected or excessive artificial light, light trespass and/or unnecessary sky glow and protects the health, safety, security and welfare of Township residents and the general public.
The regulations and standards contained in this Chapter apply to (1) outdoor lighting upon any property for which site plan review and approval is required; (2) the alteration to and/or the changing of outdoor lighting upon any property not occupied by exactly one single-family, detached dwelling; and (3) the replacement of any outdoor light fixture made subsequent to the adoption of this Chapter. Outdoor lighting shall be considered an accessory use within the Township.
If any provision of this Chapter or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions of this Chapter, and to this end, the provisions of this Chapter are declared to be severable.
The following words and terms, when used within this Chapter, shall have the following meanings:
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCE : a man-made thing or object from which light originates (ex: an electrically-powered lamp)
CANDELA : (formerly, "candle") the "SI" unit of luminous intensity; one candela describes a luminous intensity of one lumen per steradian
CUTOFF LUMINAIRE : an IESNA classification describing a luminaire that emits at least 97.5% of its light output below vertical angles of 90 from nadir at the lowest light-emitting point of its light source and not more than 10% of its light output above angles greater than 80 degrees from nadir at the lowest point of its light source
DEVELOPED PROPERTY : real property which has been altered from its natural state by the lawful addition of improvements such as buildings, structures, impervious area, etc.
DOWNWARD-AIMED LIGHT FIXTURE : a light fixture aimed no higher than sixty (60) degrees above nadir from the lowest light-emitting point of its light source;
ENERGY : the ability to do work
EXTERNALLY ILLUMINATED SIGN : a sign any face of which is illuminated by one or more artificial light sources located between the reader and the sign face and directed toward the sign face
FLOODLIGHT : an unshielded artificial light source or lamp designed to produce relatively uniform illumination across a broad area
FOOTCANDLE : (abbreviated "fc") a unit of measurement of illuminance; 1 footcandle equals 1 lumen per square foot of area)
FULL CUTOFF LUMINAIRE : an IESNA classification describing a luminaire that emits 0% of its light output above angles greater than 90 degrees from nadir at the lowest light-emitting point of its light source and not more than 10% of its light output above angles greater than 80 degrees from nadir at the lowest point of its light source
FULLY SHIELDED LUMINAIRE : a luminaire that emits no direct uplight (i.e., 100% of its light output is below a vertical angle of 90 from nadir at the lowest light-emitting point of the light source)
GLARE : illuminance within the visual field of a human eye which is sufficiently greater than the intensity of illuminance to which the eye is adapted that it causes annoyance, discomfort, reduced vision and/or momentary blindness
HORIZONTAL ILLUMINANCE : the measure, in footcandles, of the total amount of visible light incident upon (i.e. illuminating) a point within a horizontal surface taken through the sensor of a light meter held horizontally upon the point. Within this Ordinance, standards for "horizontal illuminance" levels shall be interpreted as "horizontal illuminance measured at ground level" unless specifically stated otherwise.
IESNA : abbreviation for "Illuminating Engineering Society of North America" (also known as"IES") which has a membership consisting of architect s, engineers, designers, educators, students, contractors, manufacturers, and scientists and which provides technical guidelines, standards, professional journals, and educational training forums related to the practice of lighting
ILLUMINATION : (see "Lighting")
ILLUMINANCE : the total amount (density) of visible light incident upon (i.e. illuminating) a point of a surface from all directions above the surface measured in footcandles (note: the "surface" may be a part, or all, of a physical object or an imaginary plane)
INITIAL LIGHT OUTPUT : the light output of a lamp, in lumens, after 100 hours of seasoning Intensity: (see "Luminous Intensity")
INTERNALLY ILLUMINATED SIGN : a sign any face of which is opaque and illuminated by one or more artificial light sources enclosed entirely within the sign cabinet and not directly visible from any point outside of the sign cabinet.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS : (abbreviated "SI") the modern form of the metric system
LAMP : a radiant light source; the replaceable, electrically-powered light source of a light fixture
LIGHT : (see "Visible Light")
LIGHTING : the deliberate utilization of one or more artificial light sources to achieve an aesthetic or intended effect
LIGHTING POWER : (see "Power")
LIGHT FIXTURE : an electrically powered lighting device consisting of a lamp, a lamp holder, an electrical ballast (if necessary), and the means for connecting the device to an electrical power source.
LIGHT OUTPUT : (see "Initial Light Output")
LIGHT SOURCE : a thing or object from which light originates (note: an object that reflects light originating from a different object is not a light source)
LIGHT SPILLAGE : light projected onto a property from an artificial light source not located upon that property
LIGHT TRESPASS : light spillage not compliant with the requirements of this Chapter
LUMEN : (abbreviated "lm") a unit of measurement of luminous flux (i.e., of the total amount of light emitted in all directions per unit time) within the International System of Units
LUMINAIRE : a self-contained lighting system component containing a light fixture and, as necessary, an outer shell or housing, a mirror or reflector, an aperture, a lens or refractor and a mounting bracket or pole socket; within this Chapter, the term "luminaire" shall refer to outdoor lighting luminaires unless otherwise stated
LUMINOUS FLUX : the perceived rate of flow of light from a lamp or light source; measurements of luminous flux reflect the variability in sensitivities of the human eye to different wavelengths of light
LUMINOUS INTENSITY : the total luminous flux within a given solid angle, in units of candelas, or lumens per steradian
MOUNTING HEIGHT : the distance, measured along the nadir, between the lowest light-emitting point of the light source within a luminaire or light fixture and the ground surface below
NADIR : the nadir at a particular point is the local vertically downward direction from that point (i.e., the nadir at a point is directed from that point along the line of force of the earth's gravity)
OUTDOOR LIGHTING : the lighting of areas exterior to the walls of enclosed buildings and/or within structures having open or partially open walls such as canopies, porte cocheres, pavilions, gazebos, etc.
POWER : the rate at which energy is utilized used by a device to produce useful work (also called input power or active power); in lighting, it is the system input power (in watts) for a lamp / ballast combination
PROPERTY : a tract of land depicted upon the Municipal Tax Map as one or more lots and which is assessed as a single tax parcel by the Municipal Tax Assessor
SEARCHLIGHT : An aimable light fixture designed for outdoor use containing an artificial light source having a power rating in excess of 500 watts and reflectors designed to produce a narrowly conical, high intensity light beam visible for a relatively long distance but generally unsuitable for illumination of streets, driveways, parking fields, pedestrian paths, flags, architectural features, site improvements, etc.
SHIELDED LAMP : (see "Shielded Light Source)
SHIELDED LIGHT SOURCE : a light source which is positioned and/or equipped with light shielding devices so that it is not directly visible to any person distant 10 feet or more from the light source, or from any point upon or outside of the property boundary.
SHIELDING : the blocking of an electromagnetic field with a metallic substance in a manner that reduces electromagnetic waves radiated; electronic components, wires, lamps, and similar devices can all be shielded
SOLID ANGLE : a conical volume of space defined by a point (the vertex of the solid angle), a sphere centered upon the vertex point, an area segment upon the surface of the sphere and the collection of rays which begin at the center point of the sphere and which pass through the points of the perimeter of the area segment upon the surface of the sphere
SPOTLIGHT : an unshielded artificial light source or lamp designed to produce a narrow, well-directed beam of light upon a small area
STERADIAN : (abbreviated "sr") a unit of measure of a solid angle the value of which can be determined by placing a sphere so that its center point is upon the vertex of the solid angle and dividing the area measure of the surface area segment of the sphere which subtends the angle by the square of the radius of the sphere (note that this quantity is not dependent upon the shape of the subtending area segment but only upon the measure of the segment area)
TEMPORARY LIGHTING : Temporary lighting is outdoor lighting which does not conform to the provisions of this Chapter and which will not be used for longer than a period of thirty (30) consecutive days; temporary lighting is intended for uses which, by their nature, are of limited duration such as holiday decorations, civic events, or construction projects; (note: applications for Temporary Lighting Permits shall be reviewed and permitted on a case-by-case basis)
UNDEVELOPED PROPERTY : real property which is not developed property
UNIFORMITY : a term utilized to describe the variation of illuminance upon a given plane where variation is expressed as either the numerical ratio of the minimum level of illuminance to the maximum level of illuminance or the numerical ratio of the minimum level of illuminance to the average (i.e., arithmetic mean) level of illuminance
VERTICAL ILLUMINANCE : the measure, in footcandles, of the total amount of visible light incident upon (i.e. illuminating) a point of a vertical surface taken through the sensor of a light meter held vertically at the point
VISIBLE LIGHT : electromagnetic radiation which is detectable by a typical human eye
The following are prohibited as, or as the result of, outdoor lighting:
A. The installation of outdoor lighting improvements upon, and/or the illumination of, vacant or undeveloped property unless the installation has obtained all required construction permits and is being accomplished in accordance with an approved site plan and/or the requirements of this Chapter
B. Temporary lighting except as permitted by Special Lighting Permit
C. Lighting not specifically permitted by this Chapter
D. Luminaires having drop-type or sagging lenses
E. Spotlights utilized as a means of outdoor lighting at times other than during periods of emergency or power outage
F. Architectural luminaires not equipped with full cut-off optics
G. Exposed strip lighting used to illuminate building facades or outline buildings
H. Neon tubing except as allowed as a means of illumination for signage
1. Any light that may be confused with, or construed as, a traffic control device
J. Laser, flashing, pulsing, and / or rotating lights and/or light sources except when utilized within emergency or traffic control lighting
K. Searchlights except as permitted by Special Lighting Permit
L. Tower lighting unless required by the Federal Aviation Administration
M. Glare
N. Light Trespass
No person shall install any new, or replacement, outdoor lighting that fails to meet the requirements of this Chapter.
A. White Light Source Required: White light sources including, without limitation, metal halide, fluorescent, or induction lamps, but excluding incandescent and halogen lamps, shall be required for any outdoor light fixture having a lamp output exceeding two thousand four hundred initial lumens and which illuminates a driveway, parking lot, circulation drive, pedestrian area, architectural or landscape feature, flag, or other outdoor object.
B. Use of High Pressure Sodium Lamps: Full cutoff luminaires having high pressure sodium lamps with initial lamp outputs not exceeding sixteen thousand lumens, may be utilized to illuminate outdoor storage and /or similar use areas which areas are not accessible to the general public and for which the need for good color rendition is not essential to the safety and security of the area(s).
C. General Requirements
1. All outdoor parking areas, driveways, pedestrian ways and walks, entrances and yard areas shall be illuminated using full cut-off luminaires except if/as otherwise permitted herein.
2. Outdoor light poles and/or luminaires upon properties other than those zoned for or containing exactly one single family dwelling shall be no closer than 7 feet to side and rear lot lines and no closer than 22 feet to a front lot line except that in no case shall a light pole and/or luminaire be located within 25 feet of a residentially-zoned or residentially-used property.
3. Outdoor lighting in all non-residential land use zones shall be directed toward, and confined to, ground areas of walks, driveways, parking lots and lawns. Illuminance levels of light spillage shall not exceed 0.25 footcandles at any property boundary line except that light spillage upon any residentially-zoned or residentially-used property shall not exceed 0.06 footcandles.
4. Parking lot illuminance levels on all non-residentially developed properties containing 4 or more parking lot luminaires must be reduced by at least 50% of full operational levels within 30 minutes after the close of business provided, however, that a minimum level of horizontal illuminance of 0.20 fc shall be maintained within such parking areas at all times.
5.Maximum allowable mounting heights for outdoor light fixtures shall be as follows:
a. sixteen (16) feet when the light fixture is located upon a non-residentially used site which is either (a) adjacent to or directly across a street from a property zoned for, or containing, exactly one single family residence; or, (b) located within, or within seventy five (75) feet of, a single-family residential land use zone;
b. twenty-four (24) feet when the light fixture is located upon a nonresidential site smaller than two (2) acres in total area and which is not subject to "a" above and the light fixture or mounting pole is within fifteen (15) feet of a boundary line of the site;
c. twenty-eight (28) feet when the light fixture is located upon a nonresidential site which is not subject to "a" above and the light fixture or mounting pole is located farther than fifteen (15) feet from a boundary line of the site;
d. thirty-six (36) feet when the light fixture is located upon a non-residential site larger than two (2) acres in total area and which is not subject to "a" above and the light fixture or mounting pole is located farther than twenty five (25) feet from a boundary line of the site;
e. forty (40) feet when the light fixture is located upon a non-residential site larger than six (6) acres in total area and which is not subject to "a" above and the light fixture or mounting pole is located farther than twenty five (25) feet from a boundary line of the site;
6.Foundations and/or structural support of outdoor lighting installations shall be stable for onsite soil conditions and anticipated wind and ice loads. The upper portion of any light pole foundation which projects, vertically, above finished grade shall be sized no larger than necessary to adequately support the light pole assembly and accommodate its mounting hardware, regardless of the design size of its subsurface component(s).
Where a pole-mounted site light will be installed directly within a parking field, or within three feet (3') of the edge of a head-in parking stall, its foundation shall be of reinforced concrete and shall extend, vertically, a minimum of thirty six inches (36") above adjacent finished grade. Mounting pole length shall be as required to elevate the mounted light fixture(s) to design mounting height(s).
All permanently exposed concrete surfaces of light pole foundations shall be finished with a rubbed finish as follows: (a) remove form; (b) patch holes, depressions, voids, and honeycombs by chipping away coarse or broken material until a dense uniform surface of concrete exposing solid coarse aggregate is obtained, saturating surfaces of deficient areas with water, filling with a stiff mortar and finishing the surface of the mortar with a wooden float before initial set takes place; (c) rub exposed concrete surfaces with a wetted wooden block or a medium coarse carborundum stone, using a small amount of mortar on its face (note: do not use the carborundum stone until the concrete has hardened to the state where the sand grinds rather than ravels or rolls); (d) continue rubbing until form marks, projections, and irregularities have been removed, voids are filled, and a uniform surface of paste produced by the rubbing has been obtained; (e) after the paste has dried, obtain the final finish by rubbing with a fine carborundum stone and water until the entire surface is of a smooth texture and uniform color.
D. Outdoor Lighting Types / Standards for Outdoor Illumination:
1. Multi-Family Residential Parking Areas (including circulation drives, parking fields, pedestrian ways)
a. minimum level of horizontal illuminance: 0.6 fc
b. maximum level of horizontal illuminance: 6.0 fc
c. minimum maintained average horizontal illuminance: 1.0 fc
d. maximum maintained average horizontal illuminance: 3.0 fc
e. average-to-minimum uniformity ratio <= 4
f. maximum-to-minimum uniformity ratio <= 10
2. Non Residential Parking Areas (including circulation driveways, parking fields, pedestrian ways)
a. minimum level of horizontal illuminance: 0.6 fc
b. maximum level of horizontal illuminance: 10.0 fc
c. minimum maintained average horizontal illuminance: 1.5 fc
d. maximum maintained average horizontal illuminance: 3.5 fc
e. average-to-minimum uniformity ratio <= 5
f. maximum-to-minimum uniformity ratio <= 12
3. Merchandise Display / Sales Areas: These areas include outdoor areas where active nighttime sales activity occurs and where accurate color perception of merchandise by customers is required. To qualify as a display/sales area, one of the following specific uses must occur on the lot: automobile sales, boat sales, tractor sales, building supply sales, gardening or nursery sales, assembly lots, swap meets.
a. minimum level of horizontal illuminance: 2.0 fc
b. maximum level of horizontal illuminance: 30.0 fc
c. minimum maintained average horizontal illuminance: 10 fc
d. maximum maintained average horizontal illuminance: 20 fc
e. average-to-minimum uniformity ratio <= 4
f. maximum-to-minimum uniformity ratio <= 10
4. Canopy Lighting: All canopy light fixtures shall be recessed into the lower surface of the canopy, shall be full cutoff types and shall utilize flat lenses and/or diffusers that do not extend below the plane of the lower horizontal canopy surface. No edge of the canopy shall be considered to be a light source shield.
a. minimum level of horizontal illuminance: 5.0 fc
b. maximum level of horizontal illuminance: 35.0 fc
c. minimum maintained average horizontal illuminance: 10 fc
d. maximum maintained average horizontal illuminance: 20 fc
e. average-to-minimum uniformity ratio <= 4
f. maximum-to-minimum uniformity ratio <= 8
5. Architectural Luminaires: Historic, period, or pole-mounted decorative light fixtures or luminaires may be used provided:
1. they are full cut-off type units with shielded light sources;
2. mounting heights are no greater than 16 feet;
3. no light fixture or luminaire shall have a light source with an initial light output greater than 17,600 lumens; and,
4. all other requirements of this Chapter are met.
a. Lighting may be used only to accentuate architectural or aesthetic elements of a building facade, not to illuminate the entire exterior facade of a building.
b. Upward aimed lighting shall not exceed 4,000 lumens per architectural or aesthetic facade element, shall be aimed no higher than 135 degrees above nadir at the lowest light-emitting point of the light source, shall utilize only shielded light sources and shall be mounted as flush to the wall as is physically possible.
c. Lighting exceeding 4,000 mean lumens per architectural or aesthetic facade element shall be aimed no higher than 45 degrees above nadir at the lowest light-emitting point of the light source, shall utilize only shielded light sources, and shall be mounted as flush to the wall as is physically possible.
7. Illumination of the United States Flag: If displayed at night, the flag of the United States must be properly illuminated. Proper illumination means that the stars and stripes can be readily perceived from a reasonable distance. Illumination of the flag of the United States shall meet the following:
a. only shielded light sources shall be utilized;
b. the horizontal distance(s) between upwardly aimed light fixtures and the vertical plane of the flag shall not exceed 40% of the height of the highest point of the flag nor shall it be less than 15% of the height of the highest point of the flag unless it can be quantitatively demonstrated that a closer mounting of the light fixture(s) results in less sky illumination; and,
c. The collective (i.e., summed) initial light output(s)of light source(s) dedicated solely to illumination of a United States Flag shall not exceed 12,000 lumens within residential land use zones or 22,000 lumens within non-residential land use zones.
8. Outdoor Lighting Within Residential Areas: Within any Municipal land use zone permitting detached, single-family dwellings, a developed residential property containing exactly one, detached, single family dwelling shall be permitted an area-dependent Total Outdoor Light Output in accordance with the following:
Total Outdoor Light Output (lumens) = 1,750 lumens + 10 lumens per 1,000 s.f. of total property area where Total Outdoor Light Output is the sum of the initial light outputs of all outdoor artificial light sources upon the property, and,
a. every lamp and/or radiant light source having an initial light output of 1,750 lumens or greater must be shielded;
b. within the Allowable Total Outdoor Light Output permitted upon any property containing a detached, single-family residence, a maximum total of 4,720 lumens of unshielded outdoor light output shall be permitted provided no unshielded lamp or radiant light source is visible from a bedroom window of another residence;
c. no permitted residential spotlight or floodlight shall be aimed higher than 45 degrees above nadir at the lowest light-emitting point of the light source;
d. no lamp or radiant light source shall create glare as defined in this Chapter;
e. no lamp or radiant light source shall be operated or directed so as to result in light trespass as defined in this Chapter; and,
f. allowable Total Outdoor Light Output shall not exceed 20,000 lumens.
9. Illumination of Signage
a. Light sources shall be used judiciously to illuminate signs and shall be directed only upon the sign area that they are intended to illuminate. Illuminated signs shall be designed, located, shielded, and directed so as to prevent the glare or light trespass from the illumination. All exposed conduit, wire, junction boxes and/or other hardware shall be concealed from public view.
b. Externally illuminated signs must be illuminated by downward-aimed light fixtures. Light sources must be shielded. Illumination must, to the maximum extent physically possible, be directed upon the sign face area. The maximum allowed lighting power for an externally illuminated sign is 3.0 watts per square foot of sign face area to be illuminated.
c. Internally illuminated signs are acceptable provided that, if the sign is located adjacent to or across a street from a single family land use zone or use, either (a) only the lettering and symbols on the sign shall be illuminated; or, (b) if the entire cabinet interior is illuminated, the background shall be a dark shade or color that minimizes glare, with the foreground (letters and symbols) being of a lighter or contrasting color.
The maximum allowed lighting power for internally illuminated signs is 12 watts per square foot of sign face area to be illuminated. For double-faced signs, only the area of a single face may be utilized to determine the allowed lighting power except that for deep sign cabinets where the lamps are isolated by an opaque divider so that they illuminate only one sign face, or for irregularly shaped signs where the faces are not parallel and the lamps are shielded by an opaque divider so that they illuminate only one sign face, the total area of all of sign faces may be utilized to determine allowed lighting power.
